History 150a
How to Make a State
The Emergence of Yamato Hegemony
Steps toward the Tennô
Ritual-Military Ruling Pair (Himiko) (3-4th c.)
Military Charisma (Wakatakeru/Yûryaku) (5th c.)
Heavenly Monarch (Suiko) (6-7th c.)
Defense & Control (Tenji) (7th c.)
Routinizing Charisma (Temmu & Jitô) (7-8th c.)
Law Makers (Mommu & Gemmei) (7-8th c.)
[Buddhist Transcendence (Shômu)] (8th c.)
What Did it Take to
Make a State?
Make a State?
Regularization
Of succession
Of relations of regional elites to center of authority
Of administration
Symbols and Ideology
Universality (Divinity)
Clear Hierarchy
Civilization
Ritual-Military Ruling Pair (3-4th c.)
Emergence of Chiefs
Division of labor
Ritual and women
Military Charisma
Five Kings of Wa (5th c.)
Five Kings of Wa (5th c.)
Intensification of
Warfare
Professionalization/delegation of ritual
Formation of Trans-regional Core and Periphery
Through relations with Asian continent
Through relations within the Archipelago
Galactic v. radial organization
Aftermath of Military King
Succession Problems
Gender Relations
Death of Yûryaku => civil war => successor from outside Yamato
Military King to Heavenly Sovereign
(Suiko, 6th-7th c.)
(Suiko, 6th-7th c.)
Pairing of Female and Male Co-Rulers again in Suiko and Shotoku Taishi
Reign of Suiko as a turning point from proto-history to history (transition from orality to literacy)
Recreate Yamato confederacy as a royal court (strengthening the center)
Tenji & Taika Reforms (7th c.)
Perception of threat of invasion by T'ang helped process of centralization and regional control
Office of emperor invested with permanence beyond that of any individual ruler through regularization of rites and responsibilities
Redrawing the regional hierarchy
Court (miyako), Inner Provinces (kinai), Regions (kuni)
Right to “confirm” head of clan (uji)
Beginning of centralized taxation system
Refining court ranks and promotion system
Routinizing Charisma
(Temmu and Jitô) (7th - 8th c.)
(Temmu and Jitô) (7th - 8th c.)
Temmu represented new form of kingship as a
Patrilineal dynasty of kings
Claim to be in themselves divine
Preside over a Chinese-style capital city
Promulgate own code of law
Consort (Jitô) consolidated these trends, first to be called tennô (Heavenly Sovereign) in own lifetime
Elaboration and routinization of court while making it more inclusive
Dampening clan tensions by keeping decision-making in imperial (nuclear) family
Law Makers (Mommu & Gemmei) : The Ritsuryô Codes (689-770)
Codifying the model: process of making the system on paper apply in practice
Integration of the elites in the peripheries
Military only engaged on NE borders
Stable bureaucracy to regularize flow of information between center and periphery
Buddhist Transcendence (Shômu) (mid-8th c)
Legitimacy to rule formulated as coming from BOTH Heavenly Mandate (through omens, peace and prosperity in the realm) and bloodline
Buddhism comes central tool for statecraft
Reconfigure emperor as patron and "Servant" of Buddhist deities
Early 8th c. Laws for Monks and Nuns for court control
How to Make a State
Centered rather than centralized and autocratic: hierarchy of status
Negotiation with continental models of rule, establishment of modified version of "universal" Middle Kingdom in archipelago
Continued importance of sacred nature of emperor
Ritsturyô state in its "ideal" form only lasted for a short time (as described in Amino) but set an important precedent
Wednesday, October 4, 2006
Lecture 5: Making a State
