Rhizosphere Effects on Soil Organic Matter Decomposition
Soil organic matter has long been recognized as one of the most important components in maintaining soil fertility, soil quality, and agricultural sustainability. The soil zone strongly influenced by plant roots, the rhizosphere, plays an important role in regulating soil organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling. Processes that are largely controlled or directly influenced by roots are often referred to as rhizosphere processes. These processes may include exudation of soluble compounds, water uptake, nutrient mobilization by roots and microorganisms, rhizosphere-mediated soil organic matter decomposition, and the subsequent release of CO2 through respiration. Rhizosphere processes are major gateways for nutrients and water. At the global scale, rhizosphere processes utilize approximately 50% of the energy fixed by photosynthesis in terrestrial ecosystems, contribute roughly 50% of the total CO2 emitted from terrestrial ecosystems, and mediate virtually all aspects of nutrient cycling. Therefore, plant roots and their rhizosphere interactions are at the center of many ecosystem processes. However, the linkage between rhizosphere processes and soil organic matter decomposition is not well understood. Because of the lack of appropriate methods, rates of soil organic matter decomposition are commonly assessed by incubating soil samples in the absence of vegetation and live roots with an implicit assumption that rhizosphere processes have little impact on the results. Our recent studies have overwhelmingly proved that this implicit assumption is often invalid, because the rate of soil organic matter decomposition can be accelerated by as much as 380% or inhibited by as much as 50% by the presence of live roots. The rhizosphere effect on soil organic matter decomposition is often large in magnitude and significant in mediating plant-soil interactions.
Our USDA-funded project (Cheng & Firestone 2006-2009) aims to validate two key mechanisms behind the rhizosphere effect on soil organic matter decomposition: (1) accelerated soil microbial turnover rate, and (2) transpiration-induced drying-rewetting cycles. As a central part of the new project, we will also investigate the role of rhizosphere carbon fluxes in shaping the temperature sensitivity of soil organic matter decomposition. This is related to the current debate about the potential positive feedback mechanism between global warming and the rate of soil organic carbon decomposition. The positive feedback mechanism informs that, if warmer environment accelerates the release of CO2 from the decomposition of soil organic carbon, the global environment will get even warmer because of the extra CO2 from soil carbon pool will increase the atmospheric CO2 concentration and intensifies the greenhouse effect, and this even warmer condition will further lead to more CO2 release from soil organic carbon pool, therefore forming a viscous circle. Although there are clearly controversies about temperature sensitivity of soil organic matter decomposition among published reports, one issue is widely recognized: the lack of understanding about rhizosphere carbon fluxes and how they may respond to temperature changes is at the heart of the current debate.
Most of our work on
rhizosphere priming effects is done in
an environmental
controlled greenhouse
and a plant
growth chamber. We plant to apply continuous 13C labeling method to the
field conditions in Konza Prairie LTER
station in collaboration with Dr. John Blair at Kansas State University.
Relevant publications
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Cheng, W.
2009. Rhizosphere priming effect: Its functional relationships with microbial
turnover, evapotranspiration, and C-N budgets. Soil Biology & Biochemistry
41:1795-1801.
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Dijkstra, F.A., N.E. Bader, D.W. Johnson,
W. Cheng. 2009. Does accelerated soil organic matter decomposition in the
presence of plants increase plant N availability? Soil Biology & Biochemistry
41:1080-1087.
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Bader, N.E., W. Cheng.
2007. Rhizosphere priming effect of Populus fremontii obscures the
temperature sensitivity of soil organic carbon respiration. Soil Biology &
Biochemistry 39:600-606.
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Cheng, W.,
A. Gershenson. 2007. Carbon fluxes in the rhizosphere. In: Cardon, Z.G., J.L.
Whitbeck (eds.) The Rhizosphere - An Ecological Perspective, pp. 31-56.
Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
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Dijkstra, F.A., W. Cheng.
2007. Interactions between soil and tree roots
accelerate long-term soil carbon decomposition. Ecology Letters 10:1046-1053.
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Dijkstra,
F.A., W. Cheng.
2007. Moisture modulates rhizosphere effects on C decomposition in two
different soil types. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 39:2264-2274.
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Johnson, D.W., F.A. Dijkstra, W. Cheng.
2007. The effects of Glycine max and Helianthus annuus on
nutrient availability in two soils. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 39:2160-2163.
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Dijkstra, F.A., W. Cheng, D.W. Johnson.
2006. Plant biomass influences rhizosphere priming effects on soil organic
matter decomposition in two differently managed soils. Soil Biology &
Biochemistry 38:2519-2526.
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Cheng, W.,
Y. Kuzyakov. 2005. Root effects on soil organic matter decomposition. In:
Zobel, R.W., S.F. Wright (eds.) Roots and Soil Management: Interactions
between Roots and the Soil, Agronomy Monograph No. 48, pp. 119-143. ASA-CSSA-SSSA, Madison, WI.
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Fu, S., W. Cheng. 2004. Defoliation
affects rhizosphere respiration and rhizosphere priming effect on
decomposition of soil organic matter under a sunflower species: Helianthus
annuus. Plant and Soil 263:345-352.
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Kuzyakov,
Y., W. Cheng. 2004. Photosynthesis controls of CO2 efflux
from maize rhizosphere. Plant and Soil 263:85-99.
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Cheng, W.,
D.W. Johnson, S. Fu. 2003.
Rhizosphere effects on decomposition: controls of plant species, phenology,
and fertilization. Soil Science Society of America Journal 67:1418-1427.
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Fu, S., W. Cheng. 2002. Rhizosphere
priming effects on the decomposition of soil organic matter in C4 and C3
grassland soils. Plant and Soil 238:289-294.
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Fu, S., W. Cheng, R.B. Susfalk. 2002.
Rhizosphere respiration varies with plant species and phenology: A greenhouse
pot experiment. Plant and Soil 239:133-140.
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Kuzyakov,
Y., W. Cheng. 2001. Photosynthesis controls of rhizosphere respiration
and organic matter decomposition. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 33:1915-1925.
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Cheng, W.
1999. Rhizosphere feedbacks in elevated CO2. Tree Physiology 19:313-320.
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Cheng, W.,
D.W. Johnson. 1998. Elevated CO2, rhizosphere processes, and soil organic
matter decomposition. Plant and Soil 202:167-174.
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Cheng, W.,
Q. Zhang, D.C. Coleman, C.R. Carroll, C.A. Hoffman. 1996. Is available carbon
limiting microbial respiration in the rhizosphere? Soil Biology & Biochemistry
28:1283-1288.
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Cheng, W.,
D.C. Coleman, C.R. Carroll, C.A. Hoffman. 1994. Investigating short-term
carbon flows in the rhizospheres of different plant species using isotopic
trapping. Agronomy Journal 86:782-788.
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Cheng, W.,
D.C. Coleman. 1991. Rhizosphere effect on soil organic matter decomposition.
In D.L. Keister, P.B. Cregan (eds.) The Rhizosphere and Plant Growth,
pp. 113. Beltsville Symposium in Agricultural Research, Kluwer Academic
Publishers, Boston, USA.
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Cheng, W.,
D.C. Coleman. 1990. Effect of living roots on soil organic matter
decomposition. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 22:781-787.
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