# IDEAS FOR A CLASS PROJECT #

MWW's notes on diagnostics for the raising analysis of relative clauses

Sources:

- Åfarli, T.: 1994, ‘A Promotion Analysis of Restrictive Relative Clauses’, _Linguistic Review_ 11(1), 81–100.
- Bhatt, R.: 2002, ‘The Raising Analysis of Relative Clauses: Evidence from Adjectival Modification’, _Natural Language Semantics_ 10: 43-90.    

(These papers were sent around on the <ling280-group@ucsc.edu> mailing list; and are attached to our course calendar as well.)


## Issues ##

- Evidence for RC internal representation of the RC 'head'
- Availability of multiple routes to RC formation
- Dependency with complementizer/relative pronoun

**Bhatt (2002) asks:**
> Does the external head have to have a relative clause internal representation, or is it enough to say that it is possible for the external head to have a relative clause internal representation? 


## Diagnostics ##

1. Idioms
2. Reconstruction and Binding Theory
3. Scope interactions
4. Adjectival Modifiers and Ambiguity
5. NPI Licensing

### IDIOMS ###
(Bhatt's Numbering)

(4)
a We made headway.
b *(The) headway was satisfactory.
c The headway that we made was satisfactory.

(5)
a She's keeping careful track of her expenses
b *(The) careful track pleases me.
c The careful track that she's keeping of her expenses pleases me.

FN
(i)
a. He solved the problem in a clever way that impressed me.
b. We made headway that was sufficient


### BINDING ###

(10)
*The opinion of him[i] that John[i] has is unfavorable.
The opinion of himself[i] that John[i] has is unfavorable.

### SCOPE/AMOUNT READINGS ###

(16) I am worried about the 25 people likely to come to dinner tomorrow.
poss: likely > 25

### ADJECTIVAL MODIFIERS ###
the first book that John said Tolstoy had written

‘High’ reading:
In 1990, John said that Tolstoy had written Anna Karenina; in 1991, John said that Tolstoy had written War and Peace. Hence the NP is Anna Karenina.

‘Low’ reading:
John said that the first book that Tolstoy had written was War and Peace. Hence the NP is War and Peace.

### NPI LICENSING ###
the only book that John said that Tolstoy had ever written
the only book that John ever said that Tolstoy wrote

the first book that John said that Dan told Mary that Antonia wrote
This is the first book that John didn’t say that Antonia wrote.

## COMPLEMENTIZER ##

Åfarli: it matters whether it's C or the relative pronoun
(30)
a. The present for him that every boy believed that Mary had bought...
b. The present for him which every boy believed that Mary had bought...

BHATT FN 23
a. i. the first book that John said that Tolstoy ever wrote 
   ii.*?the first book which John said that Tolstoy ever wrote
b. i. the first Russian that John said that he ever met 
   ii.*?the first Russian which John said that he ever met