Adrian Brasoveanu

Assistant Professor, Linguistics Department, UC Santa Cruz
Linguistics, UCSC, Stevenson Faculty Services,
1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064
email: abrsvn at gmail.com
webpage: http://people.ucsc.edu/~abrsvn
CV (pdf)

PAPERS & PRESENTATIONS ¤¤ SEMANTICS & PRAGMATICS:

  • 2009. Modified Numerals as Post-suppositions ¤¤ abstract
to be presented at Amsterdam Colloquium 17.

The goal of this paper is to provide a compositional account of cumulative readings with non-increasing modified numerals (aka van Benthem’s puzzle) – e.g., Exactly three boys saw exactly five movies – in terms of cardinality post-suppositions. The reading of this sentence that we want to capture is the cumulative one, namely: consider the maximal number of boys that saw a movie and the maximal number of movies seen by a boy; there are three such boys and five such movies. Importantly, this reading is different from: the maximal number of boys that saw exactly five movies is three. The main proposal is that modified numerals make two kinds of contributions to the meaning of sentences like the one above. Their asserted / at-issue contribution is a maximization operator that introduces the maximal set of entities that satisfies their restrictor and nuclear scope. The second contribution is a post-supposition, i.e., a cardinality constraint (e.g., exactly three) that needs to be satisfied relative to the context that results after the at-issue meaning is evaluated. For our current purposes, contexts are sets of variable assignments relative to which quantificational expressions are interpreted – and which are updated as a result of the interpretation of such expressions. The main difference between the present account and Krifka (1999) is conceptual: we take modified numerals to constrain quantificational – and not focus – alternatives, where a quantificational alternative is one of the assignments satisfying a quantificational expression.
  • 2009. Modal Concord as Modal Modification, co-authored with Pranav Anand ¤¤ abstracthandout
presented at Sinn und Bedeutung 14 and IATL 25.

We argue that modal concord is best understood as modal modification by the adverb in question. Modal concord in deontic environments arises because the deontic adverb is a modifier that makes its own ancillary modal claim. Modal flavor consonance is analyzed as a grammatically determined phenomenon, while agreement in modal force is taken to be a pragmatically mediated phenomenon. The paper concludes with the outline of a broader (corpus-driven) investigation of the lexical semantics of modal adverbs and their meaning-based classification and distribution and argues that the investigation of the standard cases of modal concord should be analyzed as part of this broader project.
presented at Semantics and Linguistic Theory 19 (OSU, April 2009) and TRilateral linguistics weekEND (TREND; Stanford, May 2009).

The main goal of the paper is to argue that distributive quantificational dependencies in natural language can be established in two different ways: (i) by encapsulating quantification into functions storing quantificational dependencies as a whole, needed to account for one by one-based distributive sentences like The boys recited ‘The Raven’ one by one -- and (ii) by decomposing quantification in such a way that each n-tuple of quantificationally dependent entities is individually stored in a variable assignment and quantifiers are interpreted relative to the entire set of variables assignments that stores quantificational dependencies in this pointwise, assignment-wise manner – needed toaccount for each-based distributive sentences like The boys each recited a different poem.
In the Proceedings of the Tenth Symposium on Logic and Language (LoLa 10); also presented at California Universities Semantics & Pragmatics (CUSP; UCLA, May 2009) and the Workshop on Language, Communication and Rational Agency (Stanford, May 2009).

The paper proposes a novel solution to the problem of scope posed by natural language indefinites that captures both the difference in scopal freedom between indefinites and quantifiers -- indefinites have free upwards scope, disregarding not only clausal but also island boundaries -- and the fact that the scopal freedom of indefinites is nonetheless syntactically constrained. Following the main insight of independence-friendly logic, the special scopal properties of indefinites are attributed to the fact that their semantics can be stated in terms of choosing a suitable witness. This is in contrast to "bona fide" quantifiers, the semantics of which crucially involves relations between sets of entities. The syntactic constraints on the interpretation of indefinites follow from the fact that witness choice arises as a natural consequence of the process of (syntax-based) compositional interpretation of sentences and it is not encapsulated into the lexical meaning of indefinites, as choice / Skolem function approaches to exceptional scope would have it. An analysis of dependent indefinites is provided using the same framework and formal ingredients.
Providing a compositional interpretation procedure for discourses in which descriptions of complex dependencies between interrelated objects are incrementally built is a key challenge for natural language semantics. This paper focuses on the interactions between the entailment particle therefore, modalized conditionals and modal subordination and shows that the dependencies between individuals and possibilities that emerge out of such interactions can receive a unified compositional account in a system couched in classical type logic that integrates and simplifies van den Berg’s Dynamic Plural Logic and the classical Lewis-Kratzer analysis of modal quantification. The main proposal is that modal quantification is a composite notion, to be decomposed / analyzed in terms of discourse reference to quantificational dependencies that is multiply constrained by the various components that make up a modal quantifier. The system captures the truth-conditional and anaphoric components of modal quantification in an even-handed way and, unlike previous accounts, makes the propositional contents contributedby modal constructions available for subsequent discourse reference.
a revised version will appear as an addition to Ch. 18 (Plurals and Collectivity) of the Handbook of Logic and Language, 2nd edition, Johan van Benthem and Alice ter Meulen (eds.), Eline van der Ploeg and Jakub Szymanik (ed. assistants).
ms. that significantly revises and expands the WCCFL 27 and ESSLLI 2008 papers.

The paper proposes the first unified account of deictic / sentence-external and sentence-internal readings of singular different. The empirical motivation for such an account is provided by a cross-linguistic survey and an analysis of the differences in distribution and interpretation between the English singular different, plural different and same (be it singular or plural). The main proposal is that distributive quantification temporarily makes available two discourse referents within its nuclear scope, the values of which are required by sentence-internal uses of singular different to be distinct, much as its deictic uses require the values of two discourse referents to be distinct. The contrast between singular different, plural different and same is explained in terms of several kinds of quantificational distributors that license their internal readings. The analysis is executed in a stack-based dynamic system and it is fully compositional because the system is couched in classical type logic. The account is independently motivated by quantificational subordination and dependent indefinites in various languages. All these phenomena provide support for the idea that natural language quantification is a composite notion, to be decomposed / analyzed in terms of discourse reference to dependencies that is multiply constrained by the various components that make up a quantifier.

to appear in Phi-Book / 2007.

Providing a compositional interpretation procedure for discourses in which descriptions of complex dependencies between interrelated objects are incrementally built is a key challenge for formal theories of natural language interpretation. This paper examines several phenomena that are central to natural language semantics (donkey anaphora, quantificational and modal subordination, exceptional scope and the interpretation of same / different) and argues that they receive a unified compositional account if such dependencies are encoded by means of sets of variable assignments that are passed on between different parts of the same sentence and, also, across sentential boundaries. The main proposal is that natural language quantification is a composite notion, to be decomposed / analyzed in terms of discourse reference to quantificational dependencies that is multiply constrained by the various components that make up a quantifier.

a revised version of this ms. will appear in Information and Computation.

The paper proposes a novel analysis of quantificational subordination, e.g. Harvey courts a woman at every convention. {She is very pretty. vs. She always comes to the banquet with him.} (Karttunen 1976), in particular of the fact that the indefinite in the initial sentence can have wide or narrow scope, but the first discourse as a whole allows only for the wide scope reading, while the second discourse allows for both readings. The cross-sentential interaction between scope and anaphora is captured in terms of structured anaphora to quantifier domains, formalized in a new dynamic system couched in classical type logic; given the underlying type logic, Montague-style compositionality at sub-clausal level follows automatically. Modal subordination (Roberts 1987) is analyzed in a parallel way, thereby capturing the parallels between the individual and modal domains argued for in Stone (1999). Several other phenomena are analyzed in terms of structured anaphora: exceptional wide scope, weak / strong donkey readings, anaphoric / uniqueness-implying definite descriptions and interactions between same / different and quantifier scope.
to appear in the Proceedings of The 7th International Tbilisi Symposium on Language, Logic and Computation (Tbilisi, 2007).

The paper proposes a novel solution to the problem of exceptional scope (ES) of (in)definites, exemplified by the widest and intermediate scope readings of the sentence Every student of mine read every poem that a famous Romanian poet wrote. We propose that there are two sources for ES readings: (i) discourse anaphora to particular sets of entities and quantificational dependencies between these entities that restrict the domain of quantification of the two universal determiners and the indefinite article; (ii) non-local introduction of the discourse referent that restricts the quantificational domain of the indefinite article. Our account, formulated within a compositional dynamic system couched in classical type logic, relies on two independently motivated assumptions: (a) the discourse context stores not only (sets of) individuals, but also quantificational dependencies between them, and (b) quantifier domains are always contextually restricted. Under this analysis, (in)definites are unambiguous and there is no need for special choice-functional variables to derive exceptional scope readings.

a revised version of this ms. appeared in Linguistics and Philosophy.

The paper argues that two distinct and independent notions of plurality are involved in natural language anaphora and quantification: plural reference (the usual non-atomic individuals) and plural discourse reference, i.e., reference to a quantificational dependency between sets of objects (e.g., atomic/non-atomic individuals) that is established and subsequently elaborated upon in discourse. Following van den Berg (1996), plural discourse reference is modeled as plural information states (i.e., as sets of variable assignments) in a new dynamic system couched in classical type logic that extends Compositional DRT (Muskens 1996). Given the underlying type logic, compositionality at sub-clausal level follows automatically and standard techniques from Montague semantics become available. The idea that plural info states are semantically necessary (in addition to non-atomic individuals) is motivated by relative-clause donkey sentences with multiple instances of singular donkey anaphora that have mixed (weak and strong) readings. At the same time, allowing for non-atomic individuals in addition to plural info states enables us to capture the intuitive parallels between singular and plural (donkey) anaphora, while deriving the incompatibility between singular (donkey) anaphora and collective predicates. The system also accounts for empirically unrelated phenomena, e.g., the uniqueness effects associated with singular (donkey) anaphora discussed in Kadmon (1990) and Heim (1990) among others.

Here are several kinds of (relative-clause) donkey sentences that are analyzed in the paper:
1. Everyu person who buys au' book on amazon.com and has au'' credit card uses itu'' to pay for itu'. (mixed weak & strong donkey sentences)
2. #Everyu farmer who owns au'donkey gathers itu' around the fire at night. (singular donkey anaphora and collective predicates)
3. Everyu parent who gives au' balloon to twou'' boys expects themu'' to end up fighting (each other) for itu'. (multiple singular and plural donkey anaphora and collective predicates)
4. Everybodyu who bought twou' sage plants here bought sevenu'' others along with themu'. (plural sage plant examples)
5. Mostu house-elves who fall in love with au' witch buy heru' anu'' alligator purse. (proportions)
6. Everyu man who has au' son wills himu' all his money. (uniqueness effects and donkey anaphora)
7. Nou man who had au' credit card failed to use itu'. (strong donkey readings with no)
8. Everyu person who had au' dime in his pocket refused to put itu' in the meter. (strong readings for "dime" examples with nuclear scope negation)
9. Everyu company that hired au' Moldavian man, but nou'' company that hired au' Transylvanian man promoted himu' within two weeks of hiring. (mixed weak & strong donkey sentences with a single donkey pronoun)
10. Everyu''' man who introduced au friend to meu' thought weu+u'u'' had something in common. (plural donkey anaphora with split antecedents)
11. Everyu linguist who works on au' difficult problem is interested to read mostu'' papers that were written about itu'. (donkey anaphora and 'exceptional wide scope')
to appear in the Proceedings of Semantics and Linguistic Theory 18 (UMass Amherst, 2008).

The empirical goal of the paper is to establish that there are comparative correlatives that are not comparative conditionals, against what much of the previous literature assumes. This is shown by the Romanian comparative correlative in (1) and is further supported by the equative correlative in (2). No conditional paraphrase is possible for (1) or (2) – as, for example, Beck (1997) ("On the Semantics of Comparative Conditionals") would have it – since they are statements about what is actually the case. In contrast, the comparative correlative in (3) can be paraphrased by a conditional, e.g. (on one of its readings): if a lawyer x is more aggressive than a lawyer y by a certain amount, then x is more efficient than y by a corresponding amount. The main proposal is that a unified analysis should be given for such non-conditional, differential-based comparative (and equative) correlatives and the more familiar, conditional-like comparative correlatives in terms of a relation (possibly the identity relation) between differentials. In paraticular, the Romanian atît (that much) is anaphoric to differential intervals, i.e., atît is a proform in the degree domain – and the wh-differential cît (how much) is an indefinite introducing a non-empty interval, anaphorically retrieved by atît.

1. Cu    cît            e    mai   înalt  frate-le      decît sora,        cu   atît            e mai   înalt tată-l       decît mama.
    With  how much is   more tall   brother-the than  sister.the, with that much is more tall  father-the than mother.the
The brother is taller than the sister by a certain amount and the father is taller than the mother by the same amount.
2. Pe  cît            e  Irina de  frumoasă, pe  atît           e de  deşteaptă.
     PE how much is Irina DE beautiful,  PE that much is DE smart
Irina is beautiful to a certain, significant extent and she is smart to the same, equally significant extent.
3. Cu    cît            e un avocat  mai  agresiv,      cu   atît            e mai   eficient.
     With how much is a  lawyer more aggressive, with that much is more efficient
The more aggressive a lawyer is, the more efficient s/he is.
The paper proposes the first unified account of deictic and sentence-internal readings of same/different (a cross-linguistic survey provides motivation for such an account). The main proposal is that distributive quantification temporarily makes available two discourse referents within its nuclear scope, the values of which are required by sentence-internal uses of same/differentto be identical/distinct – much as their deictic uses require the values of two discourse referents to be identical/distinct. The analysis is executed in a stack-based dynamic system and it is fully compositional because the system is couched in classical type logic. The formal account is independently motivated by quantificational subordination, the availability of both dependent and independent readings for anaphora in the scope of each and, finally, dependent indefinites in various languages. All these phenomena provide support for the idea that natural language quantification is a composite notion, to be decomposed/analyzed in terms of discourse reference to dependencies that is multiply constrained by the various components that make up a quantifier.

This paper focuses on the empirical aspects of the problem. The complete formal account is provided in
Deictic and Sentence-Internal Readings of Same / Different as Anaphora: A Unified Compositional Account,
to appear in the Proceedings of What Syntax Feeds Semantics? (ESSLLI 2008 Workshop)
in the Proceedings of What Syntax Feeds Semantics? (ESSLLI 2008 Workshop).

The paper proposes the first unified account of deictic and sentence-internal readings of same/different. The analysis is executed in a stack-based dynamic system and it is fully compositional because the system is couched in classical type logic. The main proposal is
that distributive quantification temporarily makes available two discourse referents within its nuclear scope, the values of which are required by sentence-internal uses of same/different to be identical/distinct – much as their deictic uses require the values of two discourse referents to be identical/distinct. The system is independently motivated by quantificational subordination, the availability of both dependent and independent readings for anaphora in the scope of each and, finally, dependent indefinites in various languages. Thus, same and different provide further support for the idea that natural language quantification is a composite notion, to be analyzed in terms of discourse reference to dependencies that is multiply constrained by the various components that make up a quantifier.

This paper focuses on the formal aspects of the problem. For a cross-linguistic survey and more discussion of the empirical issues, see
Sentence-Internal Readings of Same / Different as Quantifier-Internal Anaphora,
to appear in the Proceedings of the 27th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics

The two goals of this paper are: (i) to argue that, syntactically, the measure noun is the head of the extended projection in Romanian pseudopartitive constructions like (1) – much like the leftmost noun is the head of true partitive constructions like (2) (in Romanian, the preposition de appears only with pseudopartitives, while the preposition din/dintre appears only with true partitives); (ii) to propose a suitable semantics for pseudopartitives that accommodates this syntactic generalization.

(1) zece grame de
brînză (de capră)                               (2) zece grame din această brînză (de capră)
    ten    grams of cheese (of goat)                                       ten    grams of   this       cheese (of goat)
    ten grams of (goat) cheese                                              ten grams of this (goat) cheese
(3) #zece grame din brînză (de capră)                            (4) #zece grame de această brînză (de capră)

One of the two main contributions is arguing that measure nouns are polysemous, i.e. they have two distinct, but closely related senses: (i) a degree-based one, present in comparatives like Linus is two pounds heavier than Gabby or (arguably) nominal compounds like two pound stone, and (ii) an individual-based sense, present in pseudopartitives like ten grams of cheese or true partitives like ten grams of this cheese and their Romanian counterparts in (1) and (2) above. Secondly, the polysemy proposal enables us to derive the observation in Schwarzschild (2006) ("The Role of Dimensions in the Syntax of Noun Phrases", Syntax 9.1) that measure expressions are monotonic in pseudopartitives (I use (non-)monotonic in the sense of Schwarzschild 2006). Syntactically and semantically, the measure expression is the head of the pseudopartitive while the other nominal expression is the non-head, in contrast to Schwarzschild (2006), where the head/non-head categorization is reversed.
in the Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung 12 (Oslo, 2007).

The paper argues that the variability of the uniqueness effects exhibited by Hindi and Romanian correlatives is due to their mixed referential and quantificational nature. The account involves an articulated notion of quantification, independently motivated by donkey anaphora and quantificational subordination and consisting of both (discourse) referential components and non-referential components (dynamic operators over plural info states). The variable uniqueness effects emerge out of the interaction between: (i) the semantics of wh-indefinites, singular anaphors and habitual morphology and (ii) the pragmatics of quantification, which allows for the selection of different levels of 'zoom-in' on the quantified-over objects.
  • 2007. Structured Contexts for Natural Language Interpretation. Part 1: Contextually Encoded Quantificational Dependencies, joint talk (Part 2 was given by Sam Cumming) at the Fall 2007 Semantics Workshop,  Center for Cognitive Science, Rutgers University ¤¤ handoutpaper (August 2007)
The two goals of this presentation are: (i) to argue that quantificational subordination and exceptional wide scope are just two aspects of the same phenomenon, namely anaphora to quantificational dependencies, and (ii) to provide a novel, unified account of the two phenomena in a compositional dynamic system that makes crucial use of plural information states (modeled as sets of variable assignments) to incrementally encode information about quantificational dependencies and pass it on across sentential boundaries.
in Pitar Mos: A Building with a View. Papers in Honour of Alexandra Cornilescu, G. Alboiu, A. Avram, L. Avram & D. Isac (eds.), Bucharest: Editura Universitatii din Bucuresti.

In this paper, we study the parameters that come into play when assessing the truth conditions of say reports and contrast them with belief attributions. We argue that these conditions are sensitive in intricate ways to the connection between the interpretation of the complement of say and the properties of the reported speech act. There are three general areas this exercise is relevant to, besides the immediate issue of understanding the meaning of say: (i) the discussion shows the need to go beyond the simplest view of propositional attitudes, which treats them as restricted quantifiers over worlds; (ii) the complex connections that must exist between the say report and its source speech act show that one has to be able to differentiate between various layers of meaning for the antecedent sentences; (iii) finally, this paper is a small step towards a typology of propositional attitudes that allows us to uncover the complex web of relationships that grammatical mood is sensitive to.
in the Proceedings of the 14th Workshop on Logic, Language, Information and Computation , Rio de Janeiro.

The paper proposes an account of the contrast (noticed in Karttunen 1976) between the interpretations of the following two discourses: Harvey courts a girl at every convention. {She is very pretty. vs. She always comes to the banquet with him.}. The initial sentence is ambiguous between two quantifier scopings, but the first discourse as a whole allows only for the wide-scope indefinite reading, while the second allows for both. This cross-sentential interaction between quantifier scope and anaphora is captured by means of a new dynamic system couched in classical type logic, which extends Compositional DRT (Muskens 1996) with plural information states (modeled, following van den Berg 1996, as sets of variable assignments). Given the underlying type logic, compositionality at sub-clausal level follows automatically and standard techniques from Montague semantics become available. The paper also shows that modal subordination (A wolf might come in. It would eat Harvey first) can be analyzed in a parallel way, i.e. the system captures the anaphoric and quantificational parallels between the individual and modal domains argued for in Stone (1999) (among others). In the process, we see that modal / individual-level quantifiers enter anaphoric connections as a matter of course, usually functioning simultaneously as both indefinites and pronouns.
in the Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung 11, Barcelona; also presented at the Dynamic Semantics Workshop, Institutt for filosofi, ide- og kunsthistorie og klassiske (IFIKK), University of Oslo and in the Linguistics Colloquium Series of the Linguistics Department, University of Maryland (a new, visually enhanced version of the slides is available here).
The paper argues that two distinct and independent notions of plurality are involved in natural language anaphora and quantification: plural reference, i.e. the usual non-atomic individuals, e.g. the non-atomic individual megan+gaby that is the sum of the two atoms megan and gaby and that the sentence Megan and Gaby are deskmates is about, and plural discourse reference, i.e. reference to a quantificational dependency between sets of objects (atomic / non-atomic individuals) that is established and subsequently elaborated upon in discourse, e.g. the dependency between gifts and girls introduced in the first conjunct and elaborated upon in the second conjunct of sentence (1) below.
However, morphologically plural anaphora of the kind instantiated in (1) does not provide a clear-cut argument for distinguishing plural reference and plural discourse reference: both notions / either notion could be involved in the interpretation of (1). Therefore, I use sentences with multiple instances of singular donkey anaphora like (2) and (3) below to provide independent semantic motivation for plural discourse reference over and above plural reference. The final dynamic system (couched in classical type logic) will also be able to capture the intuitive parallels between singular and plural (donkey) anaphora, e.g. the parallel between the interpretations of (3) and (4) below, as well as the incompatibility between singular donkey anaphora and collective predicates exemplified in (5).
(1) John bought au gift for everyu' girl in his class and asked theiru' deskmates to wrap themu.
(2) Everyu person who buys au' book on amazon.com and has au'' credit card uses 
itu'' to pay for itu' .
(3) 
Everyu boy who bought au' Christmas gift for au'' girl in his class asked heru'' deskmate to wrap itu'.
(4) 
Everyu parent who gives au' balloon / threeu' balloons to twou'' boys expects themu'' to end up fighting (each other) for itu' / themu'. (based on an example due to Maria Bittner, p.c.)
(5) #
Everyu farmer who owns au' donkey gathers itu' around the fire at night. (based on an example in Kanazawa 2001)

The paper argues that discourse reference in natural language involves two equally important components with essentially the same interpretive dynamics, namely reference to values, i.e. (non-singleton) sets of individuals, and reference to structure, i.e. the correlation / dependency between such sets, which is introduced and incrementally elaborated upon in discourse. To define and investigate structured discourse reference, a new dynamic system couched in classical (many-sorted) type logic is introduced which extends Compositional DRT (Muskens 1996) with plural information states, i.e. information states are modeled as sets of variable assignments (following van den Berg 1996), which can be can be represented as matrices with assignments (sequences) as rows. A plural info state encodes both values (the columns of the matrix store sets of objects) and structure (each row of the matrix encodes a correlation / dependency between the objects stored in it). Given the underlying type logic, compositionality at sub-clausal level follows automatically and standard techniques from Montague semantics (e.g. type shifting) become available. The idea that plural info states are semantically necessary is motivated by relative-clause donkey sentences with multiple singular anaphors: (i) mixed reading (weak & strong) sentences: Every person who buys a book on amazon.com and has a credit card uses it to pay for it; (ii) sentences exemplifying donkey anaphora to structure: Every boy who bought a Christmas gift for a girl in his class asked her deskmate to wrap it.

in the Proceedings of the Ninth Symposium on Logic and Language, B. Gyuris, L. Kalman, C. Pinon & K. Varasdi (eds.), Besenyőtelek, Hungary, August 24–26, 2006.

The paper introduces a notion of structured discourse referents which, together with a possible worlds analysis of intensional phenomena, accounts for examples of modal subordination and entailment particles. The resulting compositional dynamic system – couched in classical type logic – captures the truth-conditions of and the modal and individual-level anaphoric connections established in discourses like: [A] man cannot live without joy. Therefore, when he is deprived of true spiritual joys, it is necessary that he become addicted to carnal pleasures. (Thomas Aquinas, attributed).

in the Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung 10, published as ZASPIL (ZAS Papers in Linguistics), Volume 44, Ch. Ebert & C. Endriss (eds.), 2006.

The paper investigates the interpretation of the Romanian subjunctive B (subjB) mood when it is embedded under the propositional attitude verb crede (believe). SubjB is analyzed as a single package of three distinct presuppositions: temporal de se, dissociation and propositional de se. I show that subjB is the temporal analogue of null PRO in the individual domain: it allows only for a de se reading. Dissociation enables us to show that subjB always takes scope over a negation embedded in a belief report. Propositional de se derives this empirical generalization. The introduction of centered propositions (generalizing centered worlds), together with propositional de se, dissociation and the belief 'introspection' principles, derives the fact that subjB belief reports (unlike their indicative counterparts) are infelicitous with embedded probabil.

DIP Colloquium Series, Institute for Logic, Language and Computation (ILLC) & Department of Philosophy, University of Amsterdam.

Graduiertenkolleg (GK) Colloquium, University of Frankfurt.

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